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CORE-Observatory

SEGURIDAD EN LA CADENA DE SUMINISTRO: El Análisis de Factibilidad y de Costo Beneficio Ayudaría al Departamento de Seguridad Nacional y al Congreso en la Evaluación e Implementación de la Obligación de Escaneo del 100% de los Contenedores Consolidados Hacia los Estados Unidos, Oficina de Rendición de Cuentas (en inglés Government Accountability Office, GAO) (CORE1066)

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Resumen: El documento ofrece una visión general sobre las últimas y más recientes iniciativas de Estados Unidos sobre seguridad de contenedores. El informe se centra en los desafíos que impiden la implementación global del escaneo del 100% de los contenedores consolidados hacia los Estados Unidos en puertos extranjeros con tecnologías de inspección no intrusiva (INI) y dispositivos de detección de radiación, según lo dispuesto en Ley de Seguridad y Responsabilidad de Puertos en Estados Unidos (SAFE Por Act, en inglés) y los actos del 9/11. Se cree que el escaneo de 100% previene y detecta los intentos terroristas de contrabando de armas de destrucción masiva (ADM) en los Estados Unidos dentro de un contenedor de carga. Los informes se remontan a finales del 2009, por lo que en estado actual de la seguridad de contenedores en Estados Unidos que ofrece no es necesariamente precisa. El reporte prevé que la implementación de la obligación del escaneo del 100% se retrasará debido a diversos problemas que se identificaron durante los pilotos de la Iniciativa de Seguridad de Carga (Secure Freight Iniciative, SFE). Estos problemas están relacionados principalmente con la logística portuaria (enrutamiento de contenedores a través de lugares de escaneo), seguridad laboral (radiación en los equipos de escaneo), y limitaciones técnicas (fallas en los equipos y mala calidad en las imágenes escaneadas). Hoy en día, sabemos que las autoridades estadounidenses han aplazado la aplicación dos veces, primero a 2014 y la segunda vez hasta 2016. En total, este informe de la GAO describe en detalle los desafíos de la ley de escaneo 100% y elabora algunas alternativas sobre la marcha basadas en los enfoques de alternativas de riesgo en la seguridad de contenedores: (1) la ruta comercial estratégica que tiene como objetivo establecer el 100% de escaneo solo en los puertos extranjeros con alto riesgo terrorista y (2) los requisitos de información “10+2” que los importadores y los transportistas marítimos deben presentar a la Protección Fronteriza y de Aduanas de los Estados Unidos (CBP, por sus siglas en inglés) antes de que un contenedor sea cargado a bordo de un buque con destino a los Estados Unidos, a fin de que las autoridades estadounidenses puedan calcular el riesgo con mayor precisión para el envío de cada contenedor. Este informe incluye información relevante de todas las pruebas CORE que involucran en transporte marítimo con destino a los Estados Unidos. La fuente del documento está disponible (en inglés) en: http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-12.

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Full review: The GAO document provides interesting insights on the evolution of the US container security regulations over the years. This is useful supportive information for CORE demonstrations that involve maritime shipping of containers into the US. The GM demonstration of the WP9 for example covers exports of automobile parts from the EU into the US by transatlantic ocean transport. If the US Congress does not repeal or defer the 100% scanning requirement, the port of Felixstove that participates in the demonstration, need to start scanning also all GM’s US-bound containers. Likewise, the FALACUS demo (WP14), which is about shipping of ceramic tiles from Italy to the US, must take into consideration the possible effects of the 100% scanning requirement. This demonstration is particularly interesting from the 100% scanning requirement standpoint because some ceramic tiles are naturally radioactive, and thus they tend to trigger false alarms in the radiation controls. Also the P&G demonstrator in the WP17, that focuses on shipping of consumer goods into the US, the possible impact of the 100% scanning regulation.

Besides the demonstrations, the CORE’s risk cluster might benefit from the detailed analysis of the risk-based approaches to the US container security, such as the strategic trade lane strategy and the “10 + 2” data requirement. All demonstrations might benefit from lessons learnt how GAO has advises DHS and CBP to carry out cost-benefit analyses for the US container security programs (especially the Secure Freight Initiative).

Cross-references:

  • Combating Nuclear Smuggling: Efforts to Deploy Radiation Detection Equipment in the United States and in Other Countries. GAO-05-840T. Washington, D.C.: June 21, 2005.
  • Container Security: A Flexible Staffing Model and Minimum Equipment Requirements Would Improve Overseas Targeting and Inspection Efforts. GAO-05-557. Washington, D.C.: April 26, 2005.
  • Bakshi, N., Flynn, S. E., & Gans, N. (2011). Estimating the operational impact of container inspections at international ports. Management Science, 57(1), 1-.‐‑20.

Full citation:

U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), 2009. Supply Chain Security Feasibility and Cost-Benefit Analysis Would Assist DHS and Congress in Assessing and Implementing the Requirement to Scan 100 Percent of U.S.-Bound Containers.

CORE1066

Additional keywords: Ocean transportation, counter-terrorism, non-intrusive inspection

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La solución de ventanilla única de Zambia y Zimbabwe para impulsar el comercio entre los países africanos, The Guardian (CORE2008)

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Resumen

El reportaje de The Guardian resume los beneficios y desafíos de la ventanilla única, ubicada en el cruce fronterizo de Chirundu cruzando el río Zambezi entre Zambia y Zimbabwe. En el puesto fronterizo, funcionarios de ambos países inspeccionan solo el tráfico de entrada, por ejemplo, autoridades de Zimbabwe controlan solo el tráfico entrante a Zimbabwe. Gracias a esta disposición de ventanilla única, camiones y barcazas están obligados a detenerse únicamente una vez y se someten a un solo conjunto de trámites fronterizos. El sistema de ventanilla única ha acelerado el cruce fronterizo enormemente, desde dos o tres días de espera hasta 30 minutos. Por otra parte, la rapidez de los trámites fronterizos se ha traducido en un mayor tráfico en el puesto fronterizo (de 2000 camiones al mes cuando inició a 14000 en la actualidad) y mayores ingresos fiscales y arancelarios asociados a este incremento. Pero lo más importante, la agilización y simplificación de los trámites fronterizos ha facilitado el comercio de muchos comerciantes a pequeña escala, quienes comúnmente comercial pequeñas cantidades de alimentos, ropa y otros bienes de consumo. Hoy en día, estos pequeños comerciantes se enfrentan a menos retrasos, trámites engorrosos y medidas arbitrarias y pagos que deshonestos funcionarios pueden imponer a sus bienes. Este progreso ha traído muchos comerciantes informales, quienes antes utilizaban el contrabando para sus mercancías, y ahora han vuelto a la esfera de la economía formal. Aún así, el contrabando sigue siendo un problema importante en África: el artículo sugiere que hay rutas de contrabando establecidas para que camiones de 30 toneladas las utilicen para evadir los controles aduaneros, y que esta economía informal de contrabando representa un asombroso tercio del producto interno bruto (PIB) del África. El artículo sugiere que la proporción de la economía informal podría reducirse aún más mediante la consolidación de bloques comerciales africanos (ya hay varios), la armonización y simplificación de trámites fronterizos y el reforzamiento de la agencia de cooperación en frontera. El reportaje está disponible (en inglés) en: http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/may/29/zambia-zimbabwe-intra-african-trade.

Reseña por Toni Männistö.

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Full review

This Guardian article showcases a great example of successful border agency cooperation in Africa. The CORE WP12, the “demonstrator Schipol” focusing on shipping of fresh cut flowers from Kenya to the Netherlands, might choose to study this African one-stop border concept in more detail. Closer analysis may reveal key success factors and obstacles that characterize the border agency cooperation in Africa. Also CORE’s WP19, that produces material for training and education, may use this African one-stop border as an illustrative example of border agency cooperation in developing countries. The CORE’s risk and IT clusters might need to explore this case in more detail to understand technical aspects of this one-stop border post concept.

Reference

The Guardian, Zambia and Zimbabwe’s single-stop solution to boosting intra-African trade, the Guardian, 29. May, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/may/29/zambia-zimbabwe-intra-african-trade

CORE2008

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Comentario de “Contribuyendo a la seguridad en el envío de contenedores: ¿pueden los sensores pasivos brindar una solución? G. Janssens-Maenhout, F. De Roob, W. Janssens, Revista de Radioactividad Medioambiental, 2009 (CORE1096)

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Resumen: el tráfico ilícito de material fisionable en carga de contenedores es reconocida como una debilidad potencial en seguridad nuclear. Atenuada por los atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001, se tomaron medidas para mejorar la seguridad marítima en extensión a la Convención Internacional para la Seguridad de la Vida Humana en el Mar (SOLAS, en inglés) y en línea con las iniciativas de seguridad de contenedores de los Estados Unidos. Las técnicas efectivas de detección son necesarias para permitir que el inspector pueda interceptar el tráfico ilícito de componentes de armas nucleares o componentes de otros dispositivos nucleares explosivos. Reporte disponible (en inglés) en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38053693_Contributing_to_shipping_container_security_can_passive_sensors_bring_a_solution

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Full review: Many security measures focus on active interrogation of the container content by X-ray scan, which might be extended with the newly developed tagged neutron inspection system. Both active interrogation techniques can, with the current huge volume of container traffic, only be applied to a limited number of selected containers. The question arises whether a passive detection technique can offer an alternative solution.

This study investigates if containers equipped with a small passive detector will register during transport the neutron irradiation by fissionable material such as plutonium in a measurable way. In practice, 4/5 of the containers are about 1/8 filled with hydrogenous material and undergo a typical 2 months route. For this reference case, it was found that the most compatible passive detector would be an activation foil of iridium. Monte-Carlo simulations showed that for the reference case the activity of a 250 μm thin foil with 6 cm2 cross-section would register 1.2 Bq when it is irradiated by a significant quantity of Reactor-Grade PuO2. However this activity drops with almost two orders of magnitude for other fillings and other isotopic compositions and forms of the Pu-source. The procedure of selecting the target material for Pu detection is detailed with the theoretical methods, in order to be useful for other applications. Moreover the value of such additional passive sensors for securing maritime container transport is situated within the global framework of the First, Second and Third Line of Defense against illicit trafficking.

Full citation:   G. Janssens-Maenhout a, F. De Roob, W. Janssens (2009). Contributing to shipping container security: can passive sensors bring a solution?” Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 101(2):95-105 · OCTOBER 2009.

Keywords: Nuclear illicit trafficking, Maritime container transport, Passive detection technique

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Introducción a la Gestión de la Cadena de Suministro (Capítulo 2 Compendio CASSANDRA, CORE2007a)

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Resumen

El segundo capítulo del Compendio CASSANDRA brinda una visión general sobre la teoría y práctica de la gestión moderna de la cadena de suministro. Escrito en un lenguaje común, el texto explica una amplia gama de estrategias para la gestión de cadenas de suministro, desde la gestión eficiente a la logística ágil y de rápida reacción. El capítulo también define terminología fundamental de cadena de suministro y discute las tendencias actuales en la logística, incluyendo la “sincro-modalidad”, el uso de los proveedores de servicios logísticos “4PL” (fourth-party logistics) y la logística verde. El capítulo presenta varios marcos de referencia de la cadena de suministro que ilustran una serie de actividades interdependientes y actores de interés involucrados en el transporte internacional de carga. El compendio CASSANDRA está disponible en(disponible solo en inglés).

Revisión por Toni Männistö (CBRA).

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Full review

The compendium summarizes the SCOR and UN/CEFACT supply chain models, that may be the two most used logistics reference frameworks in the world. The document also discusses less known academic conceptual models that seek to simplify the complexity of supply chain management by categorizing and explaining management strategies, activities, stakeholders and their roles and responsibilities. The section on the future trends in logistics offers a great outlook on the most likely changes and driving forces in the logistics industry. The outlook suggests that for example synchromodality (increased flexibility in transport mode selection), green logistics (less emissions), use of 4PL logistics service providers (outsourced supply chain management), and continuously increasing ship and port sizes will reshape the cross-border logistics over the years. The document also explains key CASSANDRA concepts and their impacts on international supply chain management. For instance, the Data Pipeline, a pivotal CASSANDRA concept, seeks to enhance sharing of information across supply chain stakeholders, in particularly from business operators to customs and other border control authorities. Most importantly, the Data Pipeline would allow customs officers to access commercial information, that normally is exchanged only between buyers and sellers, early in the upstream supply chain at the consignment completion point (CCP). This accurate, early commercial information would enable the customs and other border control agencies to assess security and other risks of cargo early on.

All in all, the document provides a crash refresher course on basic and advanced logistics terminology that would be beneficial for many the CORE consortium, especially for those partners whose expertise is mainly outside the logistics industry. The CORE demonstrators benefit from descriptions of CASSANDRA innovations that support information exchange and improve visibility across the supply chain. The demos might choose to reuse some of these CASSANDRA innovations or their components. The CASSANDRA compendium also contains a great deal of material that could be reused for education and training purposes in CORE (WP19). Finally, the chapter concludes with recommendations that are relevant also for CORE. The chapter recommends, for example, that because of broad variety of international supply chains, CASSANDRA solutions should be adaptable for different contexts.

Reference

Hintsa, J. and Uronen, K. (Eds.) (2012), “Common assessment and analysis of risk in global supply chains “, Compendium of FP7-project CASSANDRA, Chapter 2

CORE2007

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Trade and money laundering uncontained (the Economist, May 2014, CORE2006)

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Summary

International trade is becoming one of the main instruments for cross-border money laundering aside common bank transfers, remittances and cash smuggling. The ”trade-based money laundering” disguises illegal trading as seemingly legitimate commercial transactions. The most common technique is mis-invoicing in which fraudsters undervalue imports or overvalue exports to repatriate ill-gotten money from abroad. For example, official records show that Mexican exports to US are much higher than the US imports from Mexico, a discrepancy that signs fraud by Mexican criminals, most likely drug cartels. In general, the trade-based money laundering offers new financial tools for a broad range of drug traffickers, arms smugglers, corrupt politicians, terrorists and evaders of taxes, duties and capital controls. Review by Toni Männistö (CBRA)

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Full review

International trade is becoming one of the main instruments for cross-border money laundering aside common bank transfers, remittances and cash smuggling. The ”trade-based money laundering” disguises illegal trading as seemingly legitimate commercial transactions. The most common technique is mis-invoicing in which fraudsters undervalue imports or overvalue exports to repatriate ill-gotten money from abroad. For example, official records show that Mexican exports to US are much higher than the US imports from Mexico, a discrepancy that signs fraud by Mexican criminals, most likely drug cartels. In general, the trade-based money laundering offers new financial tools for a broad range of drug traffickers, arms smugglers, corrupt politicians, terrorists and evaders of taxes, duties and capital controls.

The new methods for cross-border money laundering and tax evasion concern most CORE demonstrations, especially those involving international cargo movements. The emerging risk of trade-based money laundering calls for new and more effective enforcement of trade transactions. CORE is developing new solutions (e.g., data pipeline and system-based supervision) for capturing and sharing trade information across logistics operators and law enforcement agencies. The new solutions likely improve law enforcement’s capability to detect suspicious trade transactions that may have something to do with the trade-based money laundering. However, building such capability requires IT integration (e.g., interoperability), risk awareness and education and training. CORE consortium addresses these complementary activities in work carried out in risk, IT and educational clusters.

Reference

Trade and money laundering uncontained, the Economist, May 3rd 2014

CORE2006

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Drug trafficking in the Caribbean – the Full circle (the Economist May 2014, CORE2005)

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Summary

Anti-drug officials report rising cocaine imports into the US through the Caribbean islands. The officials ascribe the increasing popularity of the Caribbean route to the strengthened enforcement of alternative trafficking routes. The South American cocaine smuggling routes have displaced several times over the years due, and now again the Caribbean route is the same one than traffickers used two decades ago. The new wave of trafficking through is expected to increase violence and undermine anti-corruption efforts in the Caribbean.

The drug traffickers move significant amounts of their cocaine from Colombian coca farms and laboratories to Venezuela by jungle trails, riverboats and small aircraft. From the Venezuelan coast, the contraband is smuggled to Caribbean islands by speedboats, planes, sometimes hidden inside commercial cargo. The cocaine traffickers use then yachts, mules, cruise ships, fast boats and commercial cargo vessels to smuggle the illegal drugs into the US and Europe. The new wave of trafficking through is expected to increase violence and undermine anti-corruption efforts in the Caribbean. Review by Toni Männistö (CBRA)

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Full review

Anti-drug officials report rising cocaine imports into the US through the Caribbean islands. The officials ascribe the increasing popularity of the Caribbean route strengthened law enforcement of alternative trafficking routes. Because traffickers prefer smuggling routes that offer the highest profit-to-risk ratios, the South American cocaine smuggling networks are evolving constantly. Routes have displaced several times over the years, and now the route is again the same than two decades ago.

Today, traffickers move again significant amounts of their cocaine from Colombian coca farms and laboratories to Venezuela by jungle trails, riverboats and small aircraft. From the Venezuelan coast, the contraband is smuggled to Caribbean islands by speedboats, planes and sometimes hidden inside commercial cargo. The cocaine traffickers use then yachts, mules, cruise ships, fast boats and commercial cargo vessels to smuggle the illegal drugs into the US and Europe.  The new wave of trafficking through is expected to increase violence and undermine anti-corruption efforts in the Caribbean. The new wave of trafficking through is expected to increase violence and undermine anti-corruption efforts in the Caribbean.

Trends of international drug trafficking often influence intensity of law enforcement efforts in global supply chains. Thus, changes in South American drug trafficking may affect also the two CORE trade lanes that import goods from the region into Europe, (1) imports of fresh cut flowers from Colombia to the Netherlands (WP11) and (2) imports of coffee and cocoa beans from South America to Europe (WP13). These trade lanes may become subject to more intense anti-drug controls over the following years. Besides the CORE demo cluster, also the CORE risk cluster benefit from the insight this article provides on the recent trends in routes, volumes and methods of the South American drug trafficking. This information may be useful for CORE’s activities that are developing educational and training material.

Reference

Drug trafficking in the Caribbean – the Full circle, the Economist, May 24th 2014

CORE2005

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Resolución de Punta Cana, Resolución de la Comisión de Políticas de la Organización Mundial de Aduanas sobre el papel de la aduana en el contexto de la seguridad, OMA 2015 (CORE2004)

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La nueva Resolución de Punta Cana establece directrices para los roles de seguridad de las aduanas en la lucha contra la nueva ola de terrorismo, tal como se manifiesta en los recientes ataques a Túnez, Turquía, Líbano, Francia y Malí. La Resolución destaca que las autoridades de aduanas son usualmente la primera línea de defensa contra el crimen transnacional, el terrorismo y el extremismo: las aduanas controlan los movimientos transfronterizos de personas, mercancías, dinero y medios de trasporte, y por lo tanto, protegen a las comunidades contra terroristas que pueden utilizar la cadena internacional de suministros para movilizar materiales, fondos u operativos a través de las fronteras. Sobre la base de los instrumentos y acuerdos anteriores de la OMA, especialmente del Programa de Seguridad de la OMA, la Resolución de Punta Cana es el plan de acción de la comunidad aduanera, y con la promesa renovada de solidaridad que ofrece un fondo diplomático para otras actividades antiterroristas. Más información en: http://www.wcoomd.org/en/media/newsroom/2015/december/wco-issues-the-punta-cana-resolution.aspx

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Full review

The new Punta Cana Resolution sets guidelines for customs’ security roles in the combat against the new wave of terrorism, as manifested by recent attacks in Tunisia, Turkey, Lebanon, France and Mali. The resolution highlights that the customs authorities are typically the first line of defense against transnational crime, terrorism and extremism: the customs control cross-border movements of people, cargo, money and modes of transport and thus protect communities against terrorists that may exploit international supply chains to move materials, funds or operatives across borders. Building on the previous WCO instruments and agreements, especially on the WCO Security Programme, the Punta Cana resolution is the customs community’s action plan and renewed pledge of solidarity that provides a diplomatic backdrop for further counterterrorism activities.

The Punta Cana resolution encourages customs administrations worldwide to intensify collaboration within the customs community and with other border control agencies, both domestically and internationally. In case of missing or obsolete counter-terrorism strategy, the resolution urges customs to add new security roles in their mandates and activities. The Punta Cana document also recommends customs to pay close regard to the WCO’s previous agreements and instruments, such as the WCO Compliance and Enforcement Package, SAFE Framework of Standards and the WCO Security Programme. At more practical level, the resolution promotes the use of the full range of modern detection and investigation techniques, especially advance risk profiling on the basis of Advance Passenger Information (API) and Passenger Name Record (PNR). The resolution also calls governments from around the world to provide necessary financial and human support so that their national customs administrations can contribute towards the goals of the WCO Security Programme.

The Punta Cana Resolution informs CORE consortium about the changing risk landscape where the threat of transnational terrorism is high again. The Resolution also reminds the CORE’s risk cluster of the three cornerstones of effective border security management: collaboration, technology and human resources. The Punta Cana document also gives an overlook on the customs’ security priorities over the following years. For example, the global customs community will likely invest a great deal of time and money to develop new risk profiling systems that tap into new data sources such as the Advance Passenger Information (API) and Passenger Name Record (PNR). The same trend towards better risk profiling is likely to define also the future cargo security efforts at the borders.

Reference: WCO, 2015. Punta Cana Resolution, Resolution of the Policy Commission of the World Customs Organization on the Role of Customs in the Security Context.

CORE2004
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Cadenas Globales de Suministro Integradas a las TI, Seguras, Eficientes y Resilientes: Introducción, Descripción General y Temas de Investigación, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, por Klievink, B., Zomer, G., 2015 (CORE2003)

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Resumen: ¿Cómo la innovación en TI contribuye al desarrollo de las cadenas de suministro internacionales seguras, resilientes e integradas? Esta es la pregunta que Klievink y Zomer buscan abordas mediante el examen de los programas de investigación pasados y presentes de un conjunto de proyectos europeos en cadenas de suministro. En su trabajo de investigación, estos autores identifican tres áreas principales de innovación -tecnología, conceptos de riesgo en la cadena de suministro y conceptos de colaboración y supervisión- que lideran el camino hacia una mayor incorporación de las nuevas TI y servicios en las cadenas de suministro globales. Los autores sostienen que los desarrolladores de modernas cadenas de suministro integradas a las TI, deberían colocar más atención a los desafíos no técnicos que a menudo dificultan la adopción de soluciones modernas de TI. El estudio también presenta y discute cinco trabajos de investigación que serán presentados en el cuarto Taller de Cadenas Globales de Suministro Integradas a las TI, Seguras, Eficientes y Resilientes, WITNESS 2015. El documento completo estará disponible para dominio público en otoño 2016.

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Full review: The paper provides a comprehensive outlook on innovation agendas that present EU 7th framework supply chain projects follow. The study summarises CORE’s innovation goals and clarifies definitions and purposes of CORE key concepts such as the system-based supervision, supply chain resiliency and advanced data capture and sharing mechanisms. Therefore, the paper strengthens the conceptual basis of the CORE’s IT and risk management clusters. The CORE demonstrations will benefit from the paper indirectly if the IT and risk clusters refine the paper’s ideas and findings into applicable concepts that could be implemented in the demonstrations. The paper highlights three main areas of innovation that will likely improve security, resiliency and efficiency of the global supply in the future:

Technological innovation – The technological innovation focuses largely on IT-enabled capture and sharing of data among operators who are involved in end-to-end supply chains. Timely sharing of relevant and quality data is believed to support secure and efficient supply chain management because such data helps supply chain actors to detect faster logistics contingencies and disruptions and react to them. The higher data availability also supports use of modern sensor, track & trace and cargo screening technologies. For example, better information about cargo flows allow customs administrations to focus their screening activities on high-risk cargo.

Risk concepts – The data availability leads to higher visibility over the supply chain and empowers supply chain actors to regain control over cargo. The increased control helps the supply chain actors to detect faster to operational contingencies and disruptions.

Collaboration and supervision models – Risk-based approach to customs inspections is a departure from the 100% screening philosophy, under which every single shipment faces inspection. The modern risk-based approach disrupts less cross-border trade and commerce than the 100% screening because customs (and other border control agencies) select only a percentage of shipments, those that represent the highest risk, to inspection. Another new concept is system-based supervision, an approach that seeks to assess traders’ internal controls of customs compliance rather than conducting transaction-driven

Reference: Klievink, B., Zomer, G., 2015. IT-enabled Resilient, Seamless and Secure Global Supply Chains: Introduction, Overview and Research Topics, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 443-453)

CORE2003
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Comentario del Plan Estratégico Multi-Anual de Aduanas Electrónicas REVISIÓN 2014 (CORE1052)

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Resumen: El Plan Estratégico Multianual de Aduanas Electrónicas (MASP, por sus siglas en inglés) REVISIÓN 2014 es una herramienta de gestión y planificación elaborado por la Comisión Europea en colaboración con los Estados miembros de conformidad con el artículo 8 (2) de la decisión de la aduana electrónica. Todos los demostradores de CORE se ven afectados por el MASP. Los archivos originales se codifican como CORE1052, en la biblioteca electrónica del proyecto CORE. Fuente: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/policy_issues/electronic_customs_initiative/electronic_customs_legislation/index_en.htm

Revisión COM (2014) 527 Estrategia de la UE y el Plan de Acción para la Gestión del Riesgo de Aduanas (CORE1028).

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Resumen: La presente comunicación propone una estrategia para mejorar las gestiones de riesgos en aduanas y la seguridad de la cadena de suministro («la estrategia») y una tabla de acciones prioritarias («plan de acción»). Los archivos originales están codificados como CORE1028, en la biblioteca electrónica CORE.